Difference between revisions of "Dired"

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'''Dired''' is a inbuilt File Manager for Emacs. Its arguably the best
 
'''Dired''' is a inbuilt File Manager for Emacs. Its arguably the best
 
file manager with the functionality it possesses. Unlike any other
 
file manager with the functionality it possesses. Unlike any other
−
file mangers the directory listing is just as an another [[buffer]] of
+
file managers the directory listing is just as an another [[buffer]] of
 
Emacs with '''dired-mode''' as {{ModeLink|Major Mode}}.
 
Emacs with '''dired-mode''' as {{ModeLink|Major Mode}}.
  
 
== Usage ==
 
== Usage ==
−
'''Dired''' has countless functionality.
+
'''Dired''' has countless functionality. The best way to learn it is to try it out. Open a dired buffer and look at the commands listed in the menus.
  
 
; {{CommandKeys|C-x d| dired}}
 
; {{CommandKeys|C-x d| dired}}
Line 31: Line 31:
  
 
; {{Keys| RET}}
 
; {{Keys| RET}}
−
: Open the file/Directory
+
: Open the file/Directory. You can use '''a''' to open the directory without creating another buffer.
  
 
; {{Keys| q}}
 
; {{Keys| q}}
 
: Close the dir
 
: Close the dir
 +
 +
; {{Keys| i}}
 +
: i: open directory in subtree. Use '''^''' to go up one level. With a prefix argument ('''C-u i'''), you can edit the ''ls'' switches used for the listing. So you can add '''R''' to expand the whole tree starting at this subdirectory.
  
 
; {{keys|C}}
 
; {{keys|C}}
 
: Copy file
 
: Copy file
 +
If you set <code>(setq dired-dwim-target t)</code>, split your window and open another dired buffer on the other window, Dired will suggest it as the default target directory for the copy and rename commands.
  
 
; {{Keys|R}}
 
; {{Keys|R}}
Line 59: Line 63:
 
: unmark all marked
 
: unmark all marked
  
−
{{Keys|m}}
+
{{Keys|%m}}
 
: mark by pattern
 
: mark by pattern
  
 +
== Edit filenames and permissions ==
 +
 +
'''Wdired''' mode (writable dired) allows you to enter a mode where you can edit filenames, symbolic link target and filenames permissions as you would in a regular buffer. It is particularly great to do some editing based on search and replace.
 +
 +
{{Keys|C-x C-q}}
 +
: enter wdired mode (calls ''wdired-change-to-wdired-mode''). Type '''C-c C-c''' to validate your changes or '''C-c ESC''' to abort.
 +
 +
{{Command|customize-group RET wdired}} to customize wdired behavior.
 +
 +
'''Note:''' in Dired, you can rename a single file or move the marked ones with '''R'''.
 +
 +
 +
== Sort files ==
 +
 +
By default, typing '''s''' will toggle sorting by date. You can change the listing switches (of GNU '''ls''') with '''C-u s'''.
 +
 +
You can customize the variable '''dired-listing-switches'''. For example,
 +
 +
    (setq dired-listing-switches "-aBhl --group-directories-first")
 +
 +
will display directories first. You can then customize per-directory local variables.
 +
 +
 +
[[Dired+]] offers more options (sort by size, by extension,…) and will add a menu entry.
 +
 +
[https://gitlab.com/xuhdev/dired-quick-sort dired-quick-sort], in Melpa, provides persistent quick sorting of Dired buffers, with the help of a [[Hydra]] menu. In a keystroke, we can choose if we want to sort the current Dired buffer by size, time, extension, in reverse order or not, by grouping directories or not, and what time access of files to consider (last modified time, atime, ctime…).
 +
 +
== Find files recursively ==
 +
 +
=== find-name-dired ===
 +
 +
With {{Command|find-name-dired}}, you'll be asked for the base directory, a file wildcard and the matching files will be displayed in a Dired buffer. It uses the ''find'' GNU utility.
 +
 +
Similar commands are '''find-grep-dired''' or '''find-dired'''. More information can be read in [http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Dired-and-Find.html#Dired-and-Find the documentation].
 +
 +
=== Interactive selection with Projectile ===
 +
 +
[[Projectile]], coupled with {{Command|helm-projectile}}, lets you find recursively and interactively files in your project. This command does not use a Dired buffer.
 +
 +
 +
== View image thumbnails (image-dired) ==
 +
 +
Viewing images is a builtin feature of Dired (press Enter or '''v''' on an image file). On Emacs24.4, pressing '''n''' and '''p''' will show the next or previous image file. But if you want to navigate between image thumbnails, use the (builtin too) [http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Image_002dDired.html image-dired]. You can directly call it with {{Command|image-dired}}, or mark the images you want to look at in the dired buffer (with '''m''') and then type '''C-t d (image-dired-display-thumbs)'''.
 +
 +
=== Tag images ===
 +
 +
More advanced features include image tags, which are metadata used to categorize image files. The tags are stored in a plain text file configured by '''image-dired-db-file'''.
 +
 +
To tag image files, mark them in the dired buffer and type '''C-t t (image-dired-tag-files)'''. This reads the tag name in the minibuffer.
 +
 +
To mark files having a certain tag, type '''C-t f (image-dired-mark-tagged-files)'''. After marking image files with a certain tag, you can use '''C-t d''' to view them.
 +
 +
You can also tag a file directly from the thumbnail buffer by typing '''t t''' and you can remove a tag by typing '''t r'''.
 +
 +
There is also a special “tag” called “comment” for each file (it is not a tag in the exact same sense as the other tags, it is handled slightly different). That is used to enter a comment or description about the image. You comment a file from the thumbnail buffer by typing '''c'''. You will be prompted for a comment. Type '''C-t c''' to add a comment from Dired '''(image-dired-dired-comment-files)'''.
 +
 +
=== Rotate images ===
 +
 +
Image-Dired also provides simple image manipulation. In the thumbnail buffer, type '''L''' to rotate the original image 90 degrees anti clockwise, and '''R''' to rotate it 90 degrees clockwise. This rotation is lossless, and uses an external utility called JpegTRAN.
 +
 +
=== See also: Dired Image SlideShow (DISS) ===
 +
 +
[https://github.com/ieure/diss DISS] is an external package, published in 2021, that builds on Dired and Image-mode to provide a mode to browse images and view them in a slideshow.
 +
 +
Diss features include:
 +
 +
* Use any Dired buffer (including find-dired) as the source of images.
 +
* Manual navigation, or automatic advance with delay.
 +
* Easily categorize files: mark, flag for deletion, or apply an arbitrary marker character directly from the image.
 +
* Advancing images can optionally apply a marker to every image.
 +
* Infinite loop, or pop back to image list when finished.
 +
* Multiple slideshow configurations can be named and saved.
 +
* Quick image tools: Rotate CW/CCW, smart fit, fit height, fit width, rename.
 +
 +
It can also work with the lightweight Feh image viewer.
 +
 +
== Drag and drop (Emacs 29) ==
 +
 +
Emacs 29 comes with the ability to drag marked files in Dired and drop them anywhere else.
 +
 +
Set this variable to t:
 +
 +
    (setq dired-mouse-drag-files t)
  
 
== See Also ==
 
== See Also ==
  
−
[[Dired+]] - a package that extends the functionalities of Dired
+
=== [[Dired+]] - a package that extends the functionalities of Dired ===
 +
 
 +
=== [[Direx]] - a general purpose directory/tree explorer ===
 +
 
 +
=== Dired-du - display recursive directory sizes ===
 +
 
 +
[https://elpa.gnu.org/packages/dired-du.html Dired-du] (in GNU [[ELPA]]) defines a minor mode '''dired-du-mode''' to show
 +
the recursive size of directories in Dired buffers.
 +
If the <code>du</code> program is available, then the directory sizes are
 +
obtained with it.  Otherwise, the directory sizes are obtained
 +
with Lisp.  The former is faster and provide a more precise value.
 +
For directories where the user doesn't have read permission,
 +
the recursive size is not obtained.
 +
Once this mode is enabled, every new Dired buffer displays
 +
recursive dir sizes.
 +
 
 +
To enable the mode at start up add the following into your [[Init File]]:
 +
 
 +
  (add-hook 'dired-mode-hook #'dired-du-mode)
 +
 
 +
but beware that it can take a long time.
 +
 
 +
So you can also enable this mode once in a buffer: '''M-x dired-du-mode''', and disable it when you're done.
 +
 
 +
You can also select files (with the selector <code>*</code> for example) and call '''M-x dired-du-count-sizes''', to count the number of marked files and how much space they use.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
=== Dired-details - a library to make file details hide-able ===
 +
 
 +
=== [https://github.com/Fuco1/dired-hacks#dired-open dired-open] - open files with external applications ===
 +
 
 +
Many times, you want to open media files, pdfs or other documents with an external application. There's remedy for that too, namely dired-guess-shell-alist-user, but that is still not as convenient as just hitting enter.
 +
 
 +
dired-open is part of dired-hacks (in MELPA).
 +
 
 +
This feature is also the goal of [https://melpa.org/#/openwith openwith] (in MELPA).
 +
 
 +
=== Dired-k - add colored icons depending on the git status ===
 +
 
 +
See here: http://wikemacs.org/wiki/Git#Colorize_Dired_output_depending_on_the_file_git_status
 +
 
 +
=== [https://github.com/Fuco1/dired-hacks dired-subtree] - insert the subdirectory (with the i key) directly below its line ===
 +
 
 +
=== Treemacs, a tree-style file explorer ===
 +
 
 +
see [https://github.com/Alexander-Miller/treemacs Treemacs]. It has optional git integration (showing the status of files with different faces), optional follow-mode, projectile integration (quickly open treemacs at any known project’s root directory), session persistence with <code>desktop-save-mode</code>, and more.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
=== [[Speed_bar]] - navigate files and sources in another frame ===
 +
 
 +
=== [[emacs-nav]] - a simple files and sources browser popup ===
 +
 
 +
=== [http://melpa.org/#/dirtree dirtree] - a directory tree view panel ===
 +
 
 +
 
 +
=== [https://github.com/asok/peep-dired peep-dired] - file previews à la ranger ===
 +
 +
[http://ranger.nongnu.org/ Ranger] is a file browser for the terminal that has a nice navigation system composed of three panes: the current directory at the middle, the previous one to the left, and a preview of the file the cursor is on to the right. Peep-dired mimics a handy two-panes navigation with instant preview.
 +
 
 +
=== [https://github.com/ralesi/ranger.el Ranger]- Ranger functionalities in Dired ===
 +
 
 +
With ranger (formerly known as evil-ranger, even if it wasn't specific to evil-mode), we have most of ranger's functionalities in Dired: 3 panes layout, previews, etc. Very nice !
 +
 
 +
[[File:Evil-ranger-preview.png|800px]]
 +
 
 +
=== [https://github.com/knpatel401/filetree file-tree] - display and operate and a file list as a tree ===
 +
 
 +
'''file-tree''' offers two things: it's a file tree viewer, and it allows to write and display ```notes``` associated to files.
 +
 
 +
It offers actions similar to Dired: mark files and take actions (copy, delete, rename…).
  
−
[[Direx]] - a general purpose directory/tree explorer
+
You can find a demo video on Youtube here: https://youtu.be/-KrMaLq8Bms
  
−
[https://github.com/Fuco1/dired-hacks dired-subtree] - insert the subdirectory (with the i key) directly below its line
+
[[File:Filetree.jpg|800px]]
  
−
[[Speed_bar]] - navigate files and sources in another frame
+
=== Dirvish - a polished Dired with batteries included ===
  
−
[[emacs-nav]] - a simple files and sources browser popup
+
[https://github.com/alexluigit/dirvish Dirvish] is an improved version of Dired. It extends its interface with a three panes layout, offers preview of files, including of images, has nice user menus, etc. It can be used as a modern file manager, and yet it remains Dired at its core.
  
 +
[[File:Dirvish.png]]
  
  
 
[[Category:Desktop Management]] [[Category:File Manager]][[Category:Built-in Package]]
 
[[Category:Desktop Management]] [[Category:File Manager]][[Category:Built-in Package]]
 +
[[Category:Beginner]]
 +
[[Category:Navigation]]

Latest revision as of 14:25, 19 July 2022

Dired
Description File Manager for Emacs.
Author Sebastian Kremer
Maintainer FSF
Source http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/emacs.git/tree/lisp/dired.el
Part of Emacs yes

Dired is a inbuilt File Manager for Emacs. Its arguably the best file manager with the functionality it possesses. Unlike any other file managers the directory listing is just as an another buffer of Emacs with dired-mode as Major Mode.

Usage

Dired has countless functionality. The best way to learn it is to try it out. Open a dired buffer and look at the commands listed in the menus.

[C-x d] (or M-x dired)
ask for a directory and puts you into a buffer with direct listing of that directory.
[C-x C-j] (or M-x dired-jump)
jump to a dired buffer corresponding to the current buffer (This require loading Dired Extra).

In the minibuffer, while doing 'Find File':

[C-d]
jump to a dired buffer corresponding to the directory in the minibuffer.

Basic commands

[ RET]
Open the file/Directory. You can use a to open the directory without creating another buffer.
[ q]
Close the dir
[ i]
i: open directory in subtree. Use ^ to go up one level. With a prefix argument (C-u i), you can edit the ls switches used for the listing. So you can add R to expand the whole tree starting at this subdirectory.
[C]
Copy file

If you set (setq dired-dwim-target t), split your window and open another dired buffer on the other window, Dired will suggest it as the default target directory for the copy and rename commands.

[R]
Rename file
[D]
Delete file
[+]
create a new dir

Mark/unmark files

[m]

mark a file

[u]

unmark a file

[U]

unmark all marked

[%m]

mark by pattern

Edit filenames and permissions

Wdired mode (writable dired) allows you to enter a mode where you can edit filenames, symbolic link target and filenames permissions as you would in a regular buffer. It is particularly great to do some editing based on search and replace.

[C-x C-q]

enter wdired mode (calls wdired-change-to-wdired-mode). Type C-c C-c to validate your changes or C-c ESC to abort.

M-x customize-group RET wdired to customize wdired behavior.

Note: in Dired, you can rename a single file or move the marked ones with R.


Sort files

By default, typing s will toggle sorting by date. You can change the listing switches (of GNU ls) with C-u s.

You can customize the variable dired-listing-switches. For example, 

   (setq dired-listing-switches "-aBhl --group-directories-first")

will display directories first. You can then customize per-directory local variables.


Dired+ offers more options (sort by size, by extension,…) and will add a menu entry.

dired-quick-sort, in Melpa, provides persistent quick sorting of Dired buffers, with the help of a Hydra menu. In a keystroke, we can choose if we want to sort the current Dired buffer by size, time, extension, in reverse order or not, by grouping directories or not, and what time access of files to consider (last modified time, atime, ctime…).

Find files recursively

find-name-dired

With M-x find-name-dired, you'll be asked for the base directory, a file wildcard and the matching files will be displayed in a Dired buffer. It uses the find GNU utility.

Similar commands are find-grep-dired or find-dired. More information can be read in the documentation.

Interactive selection with Projectile

Projectile, coupled with M-x helm-projectile, lets you find recursively and interactively files in your project. This command does not use a Dired buffer.


View image thumbnails (image-dired)

Viewing images is a builtin feature of Dired (press Enter or v on an image file). On Emacs24.4, pressing n and p will show the next or previous image file. But if you want to navigate between image thumbnails, use the (builtin too) image-dired. You can directly call it with M-x image-dired, or mark the images you want to look at in the dired buffer (with m) and then type C-t d (image-dired-display-thumbs).

Tag images

More advanced features include image tags, which are metadata used to categorize image files. The tags are stored in a plain text file configured by image-dired-db-file.

To tag image files, mark them in the dired buffer and type C-t t (image-dired-tag-files). This reads the tag name in the minibuffer.

To mark files having a certain tag, type C-t f (image-dired-mark-tagged-files). After marking image files with a certain tag, you can use C-t d to view them.

You can also tag a file directly from the thumbnail buffer by typing t t and you can remove a tag by typing t r.

There is also a special “tag” called “comment” for each file (it is not a tag in the exact same sense as the other tags, it is handled slightly different). That is used to enter a comment or description about the image. You comment a file from the thumbnail buffer by typing c. You will be prompted for a comment. Type C-t c to add a comment from Dired (image-dired-dired-comment-files).

Rotate images

Image-Dired also provides simple image manipulation. In the thumbnail buffer, type L to rotate the original image 90 degrees anti clockwise, and R to rotate it 90 degrees clockwise. This rotation is lossless, and uses an external utility called JpegTRAN.

See also: Dired Image SlideShow (DISS)

DISS is an external package, published in 2021, that builds on Dired and Image-mode to provide a mode to browse images and view them in a slideshow.

Diss features include:

  • Use any Dired buffer (including find-dired) as the source of images.
  • Manual navigation, or automatic advance with delay.
  • Easily categorize files: mark, flag for deletion, or apply an arbitrary marker character directly from the image.
  • Advancing images can optionally apply a marker to every image.
  • Infinite loop, or pop back to image list when finished.
  • Multiple slideshow configurations can be named and saved.
  • Quick image tools: Rotate CW/CCW, smart fit, fit height, fit width, rename.

It can also work with the lightweight Feh image viewer.

Drag and drop (Emacs 29)

Emacs 29 comes with the ability to drag marked files in Dired and drop them anywhere else.

Set this variable to t: 

   (setq dired-mouse-drag-files t)

See Also

Dired+ - a package that extends the functionalities of Dired

Direx - a general purpose directory/tree explorer

Dired-du - display recursive directory sizes

Dired-du (in GNU ELPA) defines a minor mode dired-du-mode to show the recursive size of directories in Dired buffers. If the du program is available, then the directory sizes are obtained with it. Otherwise, the directory sizes are obtained with Lisp. The former is faster and provide a more precise value. For directories where the user doesn't have read permission, the recursive size is not obtained. Once this mode is enabled, every new Dired buffer displays recursive dir sizes.

To enable the mode at start up add the following into your Init File: 

  (add-hook 'dired-mode-hook #'dired-du-mode)

but beware that it can take a long time.

So you can also enable this mode once in a buffer: M-x dired-du-mode, and disable it when you're done.

You can also select files (with the selector * for example) and call M-x dired-du-count-sizes, to count the number of marked files and how much space they use.


Dired-details - a library to make file details hide-able

dired-open - open files with external applications

Many times, you want to open media files, pdfs or other documents with an external application. There's remedy for that too, namely dired-guess-shell-alist-user, but that is still not as convenient as just hitting enter.

dired-open is part of dired-hacks (in MELPA).

This feature is also the goal of openwith (in MELPA).

Dired-k - add colored icons depending on the git status

See here: http://wikemacs.org/wiki/Git#Colorize_Dired_output_depending_on_the_file_git_status

dired-subtree - insert the subdirectory (with the i key) directly below its line

Treemacs, a tree-style file explorer

see Treemacs. It has optional git integration (showing the status of files with different faces), optional follow-mode, projectile integration (quickly open treemacs at any known project’s root directory), session persistence with desktop-save-mode, and more.


Speed_bar - navigate files and sources in another frame

emacs-nav - a simple files and sources browser popup

dirtree - a directory tree view panel

peep-dired - file previews à la ranger

Ranger is a file browser for the terminal that has a nice navigation system composed of three panes: the current directory at the middle, the previous one to the left, and a preview of the file the cursor is on to the right. Peep-dired mimics a handy two-panes navigation with instant preview.

Ranger- Ranger functionalities in Dired

With ranger (formerly known as evil-ranger, even if it wasn't specific to evil-mode), we have most of ranger's functionalities in Dired: 3 panes layout, previews, etc. Very nice !

Evil-ranger-preview.png

file-tree - display and operate and a file list as a tree

file-tree offers two things: it's a file tree viewer, and it allows to write and display ```notes``` associated to files.

It offers actions similar to Dired: mark files and take actions (copy, delete, rename…).

You can find a demo video on Youtube here: https://youtu.be/-KrMaLq8Bms

Filetree.jpg

Dirvish - a polished Dired with batteries included

Dirvish is an improved version of Dired. It extends its interface with a three panes layout, offers preview of files, including of images, has nice user menus, etc. It can be used as a modern file manager, and yet it remains Dired at its core.

Dirvish.png

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